Currently, drivers of lightduty fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs can fuel up at retail stations in less than 5 minutes and obtain a driving range of more than 300 miles. Hydrogen fuel can provide power for cars, aeroplanes, boats, stationary or portable fuel cell application, which can power an electric motor. Hydrogen fuel cells create electricity by splitting electrons from hydrogen molecules. The department of energy hydrogen and fuel cells program plan. A recent study concluded that the fuel economy of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles fcev can be 2. Fuels and vehicle technology us department of transportation. Alternative sources of energy an introduction to fuel cells.
There are many problems hindering the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel, but many technologies are already being developed to overcome these. It is very difficult to store hydrogen in either cryogenic tank or highpressure tank which is the main problem of using hydrogen fuel cell in cars. This new edition covers new hydrogen developments in technology, oil supplies and new drilling techniques, lat. Alternative fuels for aviation have been considered since the early days of turbine engines. This report refers to such fuels as sustainable alternative jet fuels sajf, see box 5. Types of alternative fuels include biodiesel, electricity, methanol and ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane and new fuels still under development, called emerging fuels. Titled alternative fuels and technologies for greener shipping, the paper examines the cost, availability, regulatory challenges and environmental benefits of alternative fuels and technologies. Either the hydrogen fuel must be carried around by the vehicle, or it must be made onboard.
Alternative fuel impactsintroductionin recent years, much attention has been paid to alternative fuels because of their potential to decrease the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. A study of hydrogen as an alternative fuel request pdf. Jan 12, 2008 hydrogen has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight. Students will probably have heard of some of these alternative fuels, but they may not understand how and why they are better then ordinary gasoline. H2international news and information about hydrogen and fuel cells international newsletter, ejournal and blog in english, published by hydrogeit verlag. This paper looks at an alternative source of energy to hydrocarbons. Pdf sustainable production and storage of alternative.
The commission will evaluate how effective the directive and its measures have been and whether they are still relevant in view of recent technological advances and market developments. This new cheap method of generating hydrogen could maybe. Why hydrogen fuel could succeed where natural gas failed. Fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity. Jun 17, 2016 could ethanol be a cheaper alternative to hydrogen fuel cells.
Request pdf a study of hydrogen as an alternative fuel as oil prices increase, the interest in alternative fuels increases. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel young scientists journal. Revised and updated, alternative fuels addresses many of the factors affecting our energy use, including the availability and desirability of various fuels. If hydrogen is the next transportation fuel, the primary energy source used to produce the vast amounts of hydrogen. Fuels and vehicle technology alternative fuels strategies. The following was written as a culminating project for economics 195s economic analysis of energy issues. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells european commission. This energy is easily released from ordinary water yes, only ordinary water is used to produce these.
Several approaches to producing synthetic dropin jet fuels have demonstrated not only a lower lifecycle carbon footprint than conventional petroleumbased jet fuel, but also other elements of sustainabilityfor example, social, environmental, or economic. The emissions impact and energy output provided by alternative fuels varies, depending on the fuel source. It includes an overview of selected alternative ship fuels lng, lpg, methanol, biofuel and hydrogen as well as emerging technologies such as batteries, fuel cell systems and windassisted propulsion. When run on hydrogenrich reformate gas mixtures, some harmful emissions result although they are. Hydrogen fuel is a zeroemission fuel burned with oxygen. Hydrogen h 2 is an alternative fuel that can be produced from diverse domestic resources.
Htac meeting october 14, 2010october 14, 2010 arlington, vaarlington, va. Toby kraus1 1 toby kraus is a senior at duke university pursuing a double major in biomedical engineering and economics. Hydrogen has the potential to be a very efficient clean energy source in the future especially if its use can be adapted for applications which have the greatest energy demands such as transport. Alternative fuels infrastructure european commission. Learn about hydrogen, ethanol, biodiesel, solar, wind and more.
Hydrogen can also be combined with oxygen in fuel cells to produce electricity without combustion. Why hydrogen could succeed where natural gas failed as natural gas seems to be topping out as fuel, hydrogen is just starting to get its legs as a clean fuel option for the future. Hydrogen energy the perfect energy source for the future. Could ethanol be a cheaper alternative to hydrogen fuel cells. The use of energy is a factor in all our lives, and that is why it is important for us teachers to have our students learn about the energy we use now and the new forms of energy that are becoming available. Although hydrogen is in its infancy in the market as a transportation fuel, government and industry are working toward clean, economical, and safe hydrogen production and distribution for widespread use in fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs. Hydrogen as fuel teachers guide time objectives materials needed 14 class periods this lesson is a modular design that you can tailor to suit your class and your time. There is an emerging consensus that should global warming.
It has begun to be used in commercial fuel cell vehicles such as passenger cars, and has been used in fuel cell buses for many years. Fuel cells and water electrolyzers that are cheap and efficient will form the cornerstone of a hydrogen fuel based economy, which is one of the most promising clean and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. The usage of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies will affect significant social. Truth about hydrogen power hydrogen energy and fuel. Automakers are no longer manufacturing methanolpowered vehicles. Hydrogen is already being produced in huge volumes and is used in a variety of industries. Unlike hydrogen, compressed air is about onetenth as expensive as fossil fuel, making it an economically attractive alternative fuel. Hydrogen fuel enhancement is the process of using a mixture of hydrogen and conventional hydrocarbon fuel in an internal combustion engine, typically in a car or truck, in an attempt to improve fuel economy, power output, emissions, or a combination thereof. This normally applies to hydrogen storage cylinders only, but may include other components according. Is hydrogen fuel a safe source of energy for our cars. Assessment of selected alternative fuels and technologies. Hydrogen fuelan economically viable future for the.
On the other hand because of its high ignition limit 475%. Hydrogen is an abundant resource, but often found attached to other compounds such as water h2o and must be separated to be used as a fuel. Beyond fossil fuel is dedicated to providing the best and most up to date information on biofuels and other alternative fuel sources. Dan sperling november, 2012 fall quarter 2012 energy and environmental aspects of transportation civil and environmental engineering eci 163 environmental science and policy esp 163. Jun 03, 2018 there are many problems hindering the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel, but many technologies are already being developed to overcome these. Tr anspor tation, petroleum use, and alter natives guest lecture.
Hydrogen can be produced from natural gas by means of various chemical processes steam reforming, partial. The use of alternative fuels in european cement kilns saves fossil fuels equivalent to 2. Nissan announces plans to develop vehicles powered by ethanol fuel cells, which would generate hydrogen within the. These fcvs are currently available in north america, asia, and europe, and have primarily been bought by early adopters. Under the optimal combustion condition a 29% hydrogen toair volume ratio, the energy required to initiate hydrogen combustion is much lower than that required for other common fuels e. West virginia schedule aftc1 alternative fuel tax credit for periods after january 1, 2015 west virginia state tax department. This chapter discusses the fuel production and use associated with striving to meet the overall study goals of a 50 percent reduction in petroleum use by 2030 and an 80 percent reduction in petroleum use and in greenhouse gas ghg emissions from the lightduty vehicle ldv fleet by 2050 compared to the corresponding values in 2005. Some wellknown alternative fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol methanol, ethanol, butane, refusederived fuel, chemically stored electricity batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen, nonfossil methane, nonfossil natural gas, vegetable oil, propane and other biomass source background. In the1960s, international fuel cells in windsor connecticut developed a fuel cell power. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential improvement in fuel economy of a fcev by hybridizing it with an energy storage system ess. A fuel cell allows the gases to react and combine to form water, releasing electrical power. Alternative fuels and excise taxes increased efficiency and alternative fuel use is straining gas tax revenues several states have decal programs for various alt fuels some states provide discounted rates for alt fuels as an incentive if taxes are charged on a per gallon basis, defining energy content is needed to ensure parity. Use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel and energy carriers which offers potentially attractive advantages over existing energy sources. Revised and updated, alternative fuels addresses many of the factors affecting our energy use, including the availability and desirability of various fuelsespecially the use of hydrogen.
The development of alternative fuels for transportation is an important goal because in some areas, transportation is responsible for 50% of greenhousegas emissions. Biofuel breakthrough uses algae to create hydrogen. Pdf on nov 18, 2015, neelu chouhan and others published hydrogen. Alternative fuels include natural gas, compressed natural gas, liquid propane gas, liquified petroleum gas, alcohols, gasolinealcohol mixtures containing at least 85 percent alcohol by volume, hydrogen, hythane, electricity and any other fuel not taxable as liquid. This new edition covers new hydrogen developments in technology, oil supplies and new drilling techniques, latest information on hydrogen highway projects, breakthroughs in fuel cell technology and ultra. On the technology front, hydrogen, a clean energy carrier. An alternative fuel, most generally defined, is any fuel other than the traditional selections, gasoline and diesel, used to produce energy or power. The alternative fuels data center afdc provides information, data, and tools to help fleets and other transportation decision makers find ways to reach their energy and economic goals through the use of alternative and renewable fuels, advanced vehicles, and other fuel saving measures. Program manager hydrogen and fuel cells program fuel cell technologies programfuel cell technologies program u. On the other hand, hydrogen has the lowest energy content by volume. In a fuel cell, incoming hydrogen gas is separated by a catalyst at the anode into protons and electrons.
Most of the hydrogen produced today is consumed onsite, such as at oil refineries, and is not sold on the market. Hydrogen, when used in a fuel cell to provide electricity, is an emissionsfree alternative fuel produced from diverse energy sources. It explores the forces driving the market for hydrogenpowered fuel cells, as well as the technical and economic barriers that could derail a transition toward hydrogen energy systems. Hydrogen s flammability range between 4% and 75% in air is very wide compared to other fuels, as shown in figure 3. Nonrenewable energy sources are diminishing everyday, and it.
New breakthrough uses solar energy and algae to create hydrogen which is regarded as one of the most promising energy carriers due to its high energy density and clean, carbonfree use. Current worldwide production is around 500 billion nm 3 per year. Hydrogen the fuel for the future interstate traveler. Arizona public service alternative fuel hydrogen pilot. Hydrogen fuel is an ecofriendly fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. The air engine is an emissionfree piston engine using compressed air as fuel.
The problems of using hydrogen fuel in cars arise from the fact that hydrogen is difficult to store in either a high pressure tank or a cryogenic tank. Alternative fuels in cement manufacturing intechopen. Because the alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit is an income tax credit, taxexempt entities cannot benefit. Alternative fuels used in transportation department of energy. The term may refer to a personal transportation vehicle, such as an. Refueling infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles. Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, acetylene, natural gas, ethanol and biofuels also uses in internal combustion engines.
Vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells have been developed, but their commercialization faces some serious technical hurdles. An alternative fuel find, read and cite all the research you need on. Although, it is available abundantly in nature, it is mostly accompanied with nitrogen which, being an inert gas, reduces the actual capability of oxygen. The approach assesses how well selected alternative fuels perform compared to lng fuel. The workshop was held in sacramento, california, and included discussions of past. These alternative fuels include such things as propane, natural gas, electric hybrids, hydrogen fuel cells, and biodiesel. This guidance paper provides an introduction to alternative fuels and technology solutions. Alternative fuels used in transportation for the teacher. A water fuel engine hydrogen vehicle is an alternative fuel vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power. Nov 01, 2006 hydrogen is the universes simplest atom. You can complete the entire lesson in one class period, or use it over several classes.
It is the lightest element, and it is a gas at normal temperature and pressure. Hydrogen is a fuel of great importance, as it is widely regarded as the nextgeneration energy carrier which is clean and can be produced in a renewable manner 1 for a huge prospective. Overview hydrogen, also known as h2, was declared an alternative fuel under the energy policy act in 1992. The main purpose of fuel is to store energy, which. A tank feeds hydrogen to the anode, where a catalyst separates the protons from the electrons. Hydrogen use page 26 a fuel cell reverses the process of electrolysis. A comprehensive guide explains why hydrogen has emerged as an essential area for research and technology development worldwide. Hydrogen fuel cell technology for the sustainable future of. A european alternative fuels strategy, electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas lpg were identified as currently the principal alternative fuels with a. The use of alternative fuels in cement manufacture is also ecologically beneficial, for two reasons. Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines intechopen.
However, a person that sells qualifying property to a taxexempt entity may be eligible to claim the credit if certain criteria are met, including. Cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen and other more exotic fuels such as boron compounds were studied in the 1950s and 1960s. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel oregon state university. The ejournal on hydrogen and fuel cells h2international. But unlike a battery, which is limited to the stored chemicals within, a fuel cell has the capability of generating energy as long as fuel is supplied.
Hydrogen in the gas phase is about 14 times lighter than the air. These projects only demonstrate the potential chemical energy from water. This fuel cell and hydrogen energy association fchea report supplements the national association of state energy officials naseo volkswagen settlement beneficiary mitigation plan toolkit1 published in march 2017 as a resource for state energy offices, state environmental agencies, and others in. Lceo advanced alternative fuels technology market report 2018. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel for transportation energianews. Hydrogen has the highest energy output by weight of any fuel source. Researchers have studied on alternative fuels that can be used with gasoline and diesel fuels. Alternative fuels is a name given to a specific group of fuel sources in 1992 by the united states department of energy. Read chapter 4 hydrogen, alternative fuels, and electricity. Hydrogen fuel can provide motive power for liquidpropellant rockets, cars, trains, boats and airplanes, portable fuel cell applications or stationary fuel cell applications, which can power an electric motor. A schema for a typical fuel cell wherein the electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane pem and. Alternative fuels used to propel vehicles on public highways are subject to the alternative fuels tax. As an avid researcher of alternative fuels and an ambitious chemistry student, this researcher understands the importance of a shift to a hydrogen economy.
Like a battery, a fuel cell has two electrodes, one negative the anode and the other positive the cathode surrounding an electrolyte. Make fuel cell cars feasible a discovery of a new catalyst to separate hydrogen from water changes the math on a hydrogen powered future. Hydrogen fuelan economically viable future for the transportation industry. Alternative fuel motor vehicle tax credit and quali. The information source for alternative fuels and advanced vehicles. The 2014 alternative fuels infrastructure directive contains a package of measures for the deployment of alternative fuels and infrastructure in the eu. To assess the commercial and operational viability of alternative marine fuels, based on existing academic and industry literature. Currently produced fuel cells combine hydrogen and. Fuel of the future rachel chamousis abstract hydrogen is an energy carrier that can transform our fossilfuel dependent economy into a hydrogen economy, which can provide an emissionsfree transportation fuel. Some notes on hydrogen fuel and real hydrogen weapons theres no need to have your neighbors or the proverbial worrywarts get into a tither over your hydrogen experiments. Introduction fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner.
Research and commercial efforts are under way to expand the limited hydrogen. It can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. Alternative energy oregon state university abstract. Hydrogen is considered as a secondary source of energy, commonly referred to as an energy carrier. Chapter 3 conventional fuels and alternative fuels 28 oxygen has the second highest electronegativity. The alternative fuels include d are hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, lpg, advanced. Fuel economy of hybrid fuel cell vehicles autonomie.
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